Filime "Inkuru y'umusego w'umwuka"

Abavumbuzi babiri bahinduye igerageza ryananiranye mo ikintu gikunzwe cyane cyahinduye urwego rw'ubwikorezi bw'ubwato.
Mu gihe Howard Fielding wari ukiri muto yari afite mu ntoki ze ubuhanga budasanzwe se yavumbuye, ntabwo yari azi ko intambwe ikurikiraho yari gutuma aba umuntu uhindura ibintu. Mu ntoki ze yari afite urupapuro rwa pulasitiki rutwikiriwe n'udupfumu twuzuye umwuka. Anyuze hejuru y'iyo filime isekeje, ntiyashoboraga kwihanganira icyo gishuko: yatangiye gukurura udupfumu - nk'uko abandi bantu bose babikora kuva icyo gihe.
Bityo Fielding, wari ufite imyaka igera kuri 5 icyo gihe, yabaye umuntu wa mbere washyize ahagaragara ibintu bishya mu buryo bwo kwishimisha gusa. Ubu buvumbuzi bwahinduye urwego rw'ubwikorezi, buzana igihe cy'ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti, kandi burinda ibicuruzwa bibarirwa muri za miriyari byoherezwaga hirya no hino ku isi buri mwaka.
Fielding yagize ati: “Ndibuka ndeba ibi bintu kandi ubushake bwanjye bwari ukubikandagira. Navuze ko ari njye wa mbere wafunguye agapfunyika k’ibitunguru, ariko ndahamya ko atari byo. Abantu bakuru bari kumwe na data bashobora kuba barabikoze kugira ngo barebe ko ari byiza. Ariko birashoboka ko ari njye mwana wa mbere.”
Yongeyeho aseka ati: “Byari bishimishije cyane kubikubita hasi. Icyo gihe uduce tw’ibitunguru twari tunini, bityo twakoraga urusaku rwinshi.”
Se wa Fielding, Alfred, yavumbuye agapfunyika k'udupira tw'amabara y'umukara hamwe n'umufatanyabikorwa we mu bucuruzi, umuhanga mu bya shimi w'Umusuwisi, Marc Chavannes. Mu 1957, bagerageje gukora agapapuro k'amabara y'umukara gafite imiterere y'urukuta kari gukurura "Beat Generation" nshya. Bakoresheje uduce tubiri tw'igitambaro cyo kwiyuhagira cya pulasitiki mu cyuma gifunga ubushyuhe, maze babanza kwinubira ibyavuyemo: agapapuro karimo udupira tw'amabara y'umukara imbere.
Ariko, abavumbuzi ntibigeze bahakana burundu ko bananiwe. Bahawe uburenganzira bwa mbere mu bwinshi ku bijyanye n'imikorere n'ibikoresho byo gushushanya no gushyiramo amavuta, hanyuma batangira gutekereza ku mikoreshereze yabyo: mu by'ukuri birenga 400. Kimwe muri byo - ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe - cyakuwe ku kibaho cyo gushushanya, ariko cyaje kumera neza nk'urukuta rwakozweho imiterere. Igicuruzwa cyageragejwe mu bubiko bw'ubushyuhe kandi cyasanze ntacyo kimaze.
Kugira ngo bakomeze guteza imbere ibicuruzwa byabo bidasanzwe, ikirango cya Bubble Wrap, Fielding na Chavannes bashinze Sealed Air Corp. mu 1960. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho ni bwo bahisemo kuyikoresha nk'ibikoresho byo gupakira kandi barayitsinze. IBM yari iherutse gutangiza 1401 (ifatwa nk'icyitegererezo T mu nganda za mudasobwa) kandi yari ikeneye uburyo bwo kurinda ibikoresho byoroshye mu gihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Nkuko babivuga, ibisigaye ni amateka.
“Iki ni igisubizo cya IBM ku kibazo,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Chad Stevens, visi perezida ushinzwe udushya n’ubuhanga mu itsinda rishinzwe serivisi z’ibicuruzwa bya Sealed Air. “Bashobora gusubiza mudasobwa mu mutekano. Ibi byafunguriye amarembo ibigo byinshi byo mu mahanga gutangira gukoresha uburyo bwo gupfunyika ibyuma bifunga.”
Amasosiyete mato acuruza ibintu yahitaga akoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya. Kuri bo, gupfunyika ibintu mu buryo bw'utubumbe ni impano nziza. Mu bihe byashize, uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda ibintu mu gihe cyo kubitwara kwari ukubipfunyika mu gipapuro cy'amakuru cyacitse. Biragoye kuko wino iva mu binyamakuru bya kera ikunze kwangiza ibicuruzwa n'ababikora. Byongeye kandi, ntabwo itanga uburinzi bungana butyo.
Uko gupfunyika kw'udupfunyika kwagendaga gukundwa, Sealed Air yatangiye gutera imbere. Iyi mashini yagendaga ihinduka mu miterere, ingano, imbaraga n'ubugari kugira ngo yongere uburyo bwo kuyikoresha: udupfunyika tunini n'uduto, impapuro nini n'igufi, imizingo minini n'igufi. Hagati aho, abantu benshi barimo kuvumbura ibyishimo byo gufungura iyo mifuka yuzuye umwuka (ndetse na Stevens yemera ko ari "umuti ugabanya stress").
Ariko, iyi sosiyete ntabwo irabona inyungu. TJ Dermot Dunphy yabaye Umuyobozi Mukuru mu 1971. Yafashije mu kongera ubwiza bw'isosiyete kuva kuri miliyoni 5 z'amadolari mu mwaka we wa mbere kugera kuri miliyari 3 z'amadolari mu gihe yavaga muri iyo sosiyete mu 2000.
Dunphy w'imyaka 86, ukiri gukora buri munsi muri sosiyete ye yigenga ishoramari n'imicungire, Kildare Enterprises, yagize ati: “Marc Chavannes yari umuhanga mu by'iyerekwa naho Al Fielding akaba injeniyeri wo ku rwego rwo hejuru.” “Ariko nta n'umwe muri bo washakaga kuyobora ikigo. Bashakaga gusa gukora ku buvumbuzi bwabo.”
Dunphy, rwiyemezamirimo, abifashijwemo n'amahugurwa, yafashije Sealed Air kugarura imikorere yayo no gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa byayo. Yanaguriye ikirango mu nganda zo koga. Ibipfukisho byo gupfuka ibipfukisho bya pisine byakunzwe cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha. Umupfukisho ufite imifuka minini y'umwuka ifasha mu gufata imirasire y'izuba no kubika ubushyuhe, bityo amazi yo muri pisine agakomeza gushyuha adasohokamo ibipfukisho by'umwuka. Amaherezo ikigo cyagurishije uwo murongo.
Umugore wa Howard Fielding, Barbara Hampton, impuguke mu bijyanye n'amakuru yerekeye uburenganzira bw'ipatanti, yahise agaragaza uburyo uburenganzira bw'ipatanti butuma sebukwe na mugenzi we bakora ibyo bakora. Muri rusange, bahawe uburenganzira butandatu bwo gupfunyikaho ibirahuri, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zijyanye no gushushanya no gusiga irangi muri pulasitiki, ndetse n'ibikoresho bikenewe. Mu by'ukuri, Marc Chavannes yari yarahawe uburenganzira bubiri bwo gushushanya filime za thermoplastic, ariko birashoboka ko icyo gihe atari afite igitekerezo cyo gusohora ibirahuri. Hampton yagize ati: “Uburenganzira bw'ipatanti butanga amahirwe ku bantu bafite ubuhanga bwo guha ibihembo ibitekerezo byabo.”
Muri iki gihe, Sealed Air ni sosiyete ya Fortune 500 yagurishijwe miliyari 4.5 z'amadolari mu 2017, abakozi 15.000 n'abakiriya bakorera mu bihugu 122. Yatangiriye i New Jersey, yimuriye icyicaro cyayo ku isi muri Carolina y'Amajyaruguru mu 2016. Iyi sosiyete ikora kandi igurisha ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, birimo Cryovac, plastiki nto ikoreshwa mu gupakira ibiribwa n'ibindi bicuruzwa. Sealed Air inatanga amapaki adafite umwuka mu kohereza abakiriya bihendutse.
Stevens yagize ati: “Ni verisiyo ishobora guhumeka. Aho kugira ngo dukoreshe imibumbe minini y’umwuka, tugurisha imibumbe ya firime ipfunyitse neza ifite uburyo bwo kongeramo umwuka uko bikenewe. Irushaho kugira akamaro.”
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